![]() Overall this will lead to more false positives, which decreases the reliability of a positive test result. This population of newly positive patients with PSA levels between 2.0 and 4.1 ng/mL will have a higher proportion of false positive results compared to the population of patients with a PSA > 4.1 ng/mL. If the threshold is lowered to 2.0 ng/mL, some patients who were previously considered negative will be considered positive. Pulmonary function testing classically reveals decreased FEV1:FVC ratio ( 4.1 ng/mL were considered a positive result. Breathing through pursed lips is performed in order to prevent expiratory alveolar collapse (auto-PEEP). Over time patients may develop severe hyperinflation and a barrel chest. Patients may experience shortness of breath and dyspnea on exertion/at rest. This causes increased alveolar collapse on expiration, air trapping and hyperinflation, impaired ventilation, and increased dead space, leading to hypoxemia and hypercapnia.
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